References

1. Massiera F, Barbry P, Guesnet P, Joly A, Luquet S, et al. (2010) A Westernlike fat diet is sufficient to induce a gradual enhancement in fat mass over generations. J Lipid Res 51: 2352-2361 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
2. Saah T, Garlow SJ, Rapaport MH (2015) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in adult psychiatric disorders: A comprehensive overview. In: Immunology and Psychiatry: From Basic Research to Therapeutic Interventions. (Eds) Müller N, Myint A-M, Schwarz JM. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 371-395
3. Simopoulos AP (2016) An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity. Nutrients 8: 128 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
4. Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM; Alpha Omega Trial Group (2010) n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 363: 2015-2026 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
5. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, et al. (2016) Executive Summary: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 133: 447-454 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
6. Muhlhausler BS, Ailhaud GP (2013) Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the early origins of obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 20: 56-61 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
7. von Schacky C (2015) Omega-3 fatty Acids in cardiovascular disease-An uphill battle. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes Essent. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 92: 41-47 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
8. Calder PC (2013) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? Br J Clin Pharmacol 75:645-662 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
9. Allaire J, Couture P, Leclerc M, Charest A, Marin J, et al. (2016) A randomized, crossover, head-to-head comparison of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation to reduce inflammation markers in men and women: the Comparing EPA to DHA (ComparED) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 104: 280-287 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
10. Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Kanarek RB (2013) Omega-3 fatty acids influence mood in healthy and depressed individuals. Nutr Rev 71: 727-741 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
11. Markets and Markets (2016) Omega-3 PUFA Market by Type (DHA, EPA, ALA), Application (Dietary Supplements, Functional Foods & Beverages, Pharmaceuticals, Infant Formula), Source (Marine, Plant), Sub-source), & Region - Global Forecasts to 2020 [View]
12. Hong MY, Lumibao J, Mistry P, Saleh R, Hoh E, et al. (2015) Fish oil contaminated with persistent organic pollutants reduces antioxidant capacity and induces oxidative stress without affecting its capacity to lower lipid concentrations and systemic inflammation in rats. J Nutr 145: 939-944 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
13. Gribble MO, Karimi R, Feingold BJ, Nyland JF, O'Hara TM, et al. (2016) Mercury, selenium and fish oils in marine food webs and implications for human health. J Mar Biol Assoc U 96: 43-59 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
14. Kyle DJ (2001)The Large-Scale Production and Use of a Single-Cell Oil Highly Enriched in Docosahexaenoic Acid. ACS Symposium Series 788: 92-117 [Google Scholar]
15. Kyle DJ (1997) Production and use of a single cell oil which is highly enriched in arachidonic acid. Lipid Technol 9: 116-121
16. Kyle D, Sicotte V, Singer J, Reeb S (1992) Bioproduction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by microalgae. In: Industrial Applications of Single Cell Oils. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, Illinois. (Eds) Kyle D, Ratledge C. AOCS Publishing, pp. 287-300
17. Ratledge C (2013) Microbial oils: an introductory overview of current status and future prospects. Oilseeds and fats, Crops and Lipids 20: D602 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
18. Fakas S, Papanikolaou S, Galiotou-Panayotou M (2009) Biochemistry and biotechnology of single cell oil. In: New Horizons in Biotechnology. (Eds) Pandey A, Larroche C. Delhi: Asiatech Publishers, pp. 38-60
19. Xie D, Jackson EN, Zhu Q (2015) Sustainable source of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica: from fundamental research to commercial production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:599-1610 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
20. Fakas S (2016) Lipid biosynthesis in yeasts: A comparison of the lipid biosynthetic pathways between the model non-oleaginous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the model oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Eng Life Sci [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
21. Certik M, Shimizu S (1999) Biosynthesis and regulation of microbial polyunsaturated fatty acid production. J Biosci Bioeng 87: 1-14 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
22. Ratledge C, Wynn JP (2002) The biochemistry and molecular biology of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. Adv Appl Microbiol 51: 1-51 [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
23. Koh AS, Pan A, Wang R, Odegaard AO, Pereira MA, et al. (2015) The association between dietary omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular death: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 22: 364-372 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
24. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, et al. (2007) Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 369: 1090-1098 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
25. Rauch B, Schiele R, Schneider S, Diller F, Victor N, et al. (2010) OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation 122: 2152-2159 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
26. Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E et al. (2012) Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 308:1024-1033 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
27. Oh DY, Talukdar S, Bae EJ, Imamura T, Morinaga H, et al. (2010) GPR120 Is an Omega-3 Fatty Acid Receptor Mediating Potent Anti-inflammatory and Insulin-Sensitizing Effects. Cell 142:687-698 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
28. Newberry EP, Xie Y, Kennedy SM, Luo J, Davidson NO (2006) Protection against Western diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in liver fatty acid-binding protein knockout mice. Hepatology 44: 1191-1205 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
29. Abeywardena MY, Belobrajdic DP (2016) Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and obesity. In: Obesity: A Practical Guide. (Eds) Ahmad IS, Imam KS. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 29-44
30. Parra D, Ramel A, Bandarra N, Kiely M, Martínez JA, et al. (2008) A diet rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids modulates satiety in overweight and obese volunteers during weight loss. Appetite 51: 676-680 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
31. Ukropec J, Reseland JE, Gasperikova D, Demcakova E, Madsen L, et al. (2003) The hypotriglyceridemic effect of dietary n-3 FA is associated with increased ß-oxidation and reduced leptin expression. Lipids 38:1023-1029 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
32. Wang L, Manson JE, Rautiainen S, Gaziano JM, et al. (2016) A prospective study of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid, weight gain, and risk of becoming overweight or obese in middle-aged and older women. Eur J Nutr 55: 687-697 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
33. Wang L (2016) Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids: Role in body fat gain and development of obesity. N A J Med Sci 8:163-171 [Google Scholar]
34. Naughton SS, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ (2016) Linoleic acid and the pathogenesis of obesity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 125: 90-99 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
35. Brenna JT, Carlson SE (2014) Docosahexaenoic acid and human brain development: evidence that a dietary supply is needed for optimal development. J Hum Evol 77: 99-106 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
36. Gould JF, Makrides M, Colombo J, Smithers LG (2014) Randomized controlled trial of maternal omega-3 long-chain PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood development of attention, working memory, and inhibitory control. Am J Clin Nutr 99: 851-859 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
37. Carlson SE, Colombo J, Gajewski BJ, Gustafson KM, Mundy D, et al. (2013) DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 97: 808-815 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
38. Koletzko B, Boey CC, Campoy C, Carlson SE, Chang N, et al. (2014) Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop. Ann Nutr Metab 65: 49-80 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
39. Gould JF, Smithers LG, Makrides M (2013) The effect of maternal omega-3 (n-3) LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy on early childhood cognitive and visual development: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 97:531-544 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
40. Makrides M, Neumann M, Simmer K, Pater J (1995) Are long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids essential nutrients in infancy. Lancet 345: 1463- 1468 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
41. Gill I, Valivety R (1997) Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Part 1: Occurrence, biological activities and applications. Trends Biotechnol 15: 401-409 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
42. Craig-Schmidt MC, Huang MC (1998) Interaction of infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. In: Lipids in infant nutrition. Edited by: Huang Y-S, Sinclair AJ. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press, pp. 63-84
43. Yurko-Mauro K, Alexander DD, Van Elswyk ME (2015) Docosahexaenoic acid and adult memory: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10: e0120391 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
44. Cooper RE, Tye C, Kuntsi J, Vassos 2, Asherson P (2015) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 29: 753-763 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
45. Külzow N, Witte AV, Kerti L, Grittner U, et al. (2016) Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Memory Functions in Healthy Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 51: 713-725 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
46. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, et al. (2006) Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 114: 82-96 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
47. Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, Bittner V, Criqui MH, et al. (2011) Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123: 2292-2333 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
48. Tsivgoulis G, Judd S, Letter AJ, Alexandrov AV, Howard G, et al. (2013) Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of incident cognitive impairment. Neurology 80: 1684-1692 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
49. Gu Y, Brickman AM, Stern Y, Habeck CG, Razlighi QR, et al. (2015) Mediterranean diet and brain structure in a multiethnic elderly cohort. Neurology 85: 1744-1751 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
50. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. (2013) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 368: 1279-1290 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
51. de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, et al. (1994) Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 343: 1454-1459 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
52. Scoditti E, Capurso C, Capurso A, Massaro M (2014) Vascular effects of the Mediterranean diet-part II: role of omega-3 fatty acids and olive oil polyphenols. Vascul Pharmacol 63: 127-134 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
53. Féart C, Torrès MJ, Samieri C, Jutand MA, Peuchant E, et al. (2011) Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and plasma fatty acids: data from the Bordeaux sample of the Three-City study. Br J Nutr 106: 149-158 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
54. Ambring A, Johansson M, Axelsen M, Gan L, Strandvik B, et al. (2006) Mediterranean-inspired diet lowers the ratio of serum phospholipid n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, the number of leukocytes and platelets, and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 83:575-581 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
55. Willett WC, Sacks F, Trichopoulou A, Drescher G, Ferro-Luzzi A, et al. (1995) Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. Am J Clin Nutr 61: 1402S-1406S [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
56. Gil A, Gil F (2015) Fish, a Mediterranean source of n-3 PUFA: benefits do not justify limiting consumption. Br J Nutr 113 Suppl 2: S58-67 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
57. Yazawa K, Watanabe K, Ishikawa C (1992) Production of eicosapentanoic acid from marine bacteria. In: Industrial applications of single cell oils. Edited by: Kyle DJ, Ratledge C. Champaign: American Oil Chemists' Society, pp. 29-51
58. Donot F, Fontana A, Baccou JC (2014) Single cell oils (SCOs) from oleaginous yeasts and moulds: Production and genetics. Biomass Bioenergy 68: 135-150 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
59. Bellou S, Triantaphyllidou IE, Aggeli D, Elazzazy AM, Baeshen MN, et al. (2016) Microbial oils as food additives: recent approaches for improving microbial oil production and its polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Curr Opin Biotechnol 37: 24-35 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
60. Bellou S, Baeshen MN, Elazzazy AM, Aggeli D, Sayegh F, et al. (2014) Microalgal lipids biochemistry and biotechnological perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 32: 1476-1493 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
61. Ratledge C (2010) Single Cell Oils for the 21st Century. In: Single Cell Oils. Edited by: Cohen Z, Ratledge C. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press pp. 1-20
62. Ratledge C, Streekstra H, Cohen Z, Fichtali J () Down-stream processing, extraction and purification of single cell oils. In: Single Cell Oils. Edited by: Cohen Z, Ratledge C. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS