Profile
International Journal of Surgery & Surgical Procedures Volume 1 (2016), Article ID 1:IJSSP-105, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-4443/2016/105
Review Article
Carotid Stenosis and Anaesthesia

Escalona Belmonte JJ, Biteri Martínez De Iturrate A, Guerrero Orriach JL*, Ramirez Fernandez A, Ramirez Aliaga M, Rodriguez Capitán MJ, Bermudez L, Gallego M, Loras P, Raigon A, Baena M, Rubio Navarro M and Cruz Mañas J

Department of Anaesthesia, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
Dr Jose Luis Guerrero Orriach, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Campus Universitario Teatinos C.P. 29010, Malaga, Spain; E-mail: guerreroorriach@terra.com
09 January 2016; 08 May 2016; 10 May 2016
Escalona Belmonte JJ, Biteri Martínez De Iturrate A, Guerrero Orriach JL, Ramirez Fernandez A, Ramirez Aliaga M Rodriguez Capitán MJ, et al. (2016) Carotid Stenosis and Anaesthesia. Int J Surg Surgical Proced 1: 105. doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-4443/2016/105

References

  1. Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, et al. (2011) ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/ SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 124: e54-130. View
  2. European Stroke Organisation, Tendera M, Aboyans V, Bartelink ML, Baumgartner I, et al. (2011) ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases: document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries: the Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 32: 2851-906. View
  3. Mas JL (2007) Internal carotid artery revascularization. Rev Esp Cardiol 60: 861-871. View
  4. Liapis CD, Kakisis JD, Kostakis AG (2001) Carotid stenosis: factors affecting symptomatology. Stroke 32: 2782-2786. View
  5. Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P, Sharpe BL, Chan RK, et al. (2000) The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotidartery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 342: 1693-1700. View
  6. Ricotta JJ, Aburahma A, Ascher E, Eskandari M, Faries P, et al. (2011) Updated Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for management of extracranial carotid disease. J Vasc Surg 54: e1-e31. View
  7. Brott TG, Hobson RW, Howard G, Roubin GS, Clark WM, et al. (2010) Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 363: 11-23. View
  8. Paraskevas K, Mikhailidis DP, Veith FJ (2012) Comparison of the five 2011 guidelines for the treatment of carotid stenosis. J Vasc Surg 55: 1504-1508. View
  9. Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD (2004) Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and brain trauma: similarities and differences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24: 133-150. View
  10. Moritz S, Kasprzak P, Arlt M, Taeger K, Metz C, et al. (2007) Accuracy of cerebral monitoring in detecting cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy: a comparison of transcranial Doppler sonography, nearinfrared spectroscopy, stump pressure, and somatosensory evoked potentials. Anesthesiology 107: 563-569. View
  11. Ali AM, Green D, Zayed H, Halawa M, El-Sakka K, et al. (2011) Cerebral monitoring in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy using a triple assesment technique. Interact cardiovasc Thorac Surg 12: 454-457. View
  12. Hans SS, Jareunpoon O (2007) Prospective evaluation of electroencephalography, carotid artery stump pressure, and neurologic changes during 314 consecutive carotid edarterectomies performed in awake patients. J Vasc Surg 45: 511-515. View
  13. Guay J, Kopp S (2013) Cerebral monitoris versus regional anesthesia to detect cerebral ischemia in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 60: 266-279. View
  14. Ballotta E, Saladini M, Gruppo M, Mazzalai F, Da Giau G, et al. (2010) Predictors of electroencephalographic changes needing shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 24:1045-1052. View
  15. Bonhomme V, Desiron Q, Lemineur T, Brichant JF, Dewandre PY, et al. (2007) Bispectral index profile during carotid cross clamping. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 19: 49-55. View
  16. Li J, Shalabi A, Fuhai J, Meng L (2016) Monitoring cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy and stenting. J Biomed Res 3: 31. View
  17. MacDonald DB (2005) Re: Comparison of monitoring techniques for intraoperative cerebral ischemia. DW Rowed, DA Houlden, LM Burkholder, AB Taylor. Can J Neurol Sci 2004;31(3):347-356. Can J Neurol Sci 32: 131-132. View
  18. Nwachuku EL, Balzer JR, Yabes JG, Habeych ME, Crammond DJ, et al. (2015) Diagnostic value of somatosensory evoked potential changes during carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 72: 73-80. View
  19. Wolf O, Heider P, Heinz M, Poppert H, Sander D, et al. (2004) Microembolic signals detected by transcranial doppler sonography during carotid endarterectomy and correlation with serial diffusion- weighted imaging. Stroke 34: e373. View
  20. McCarthy RJ, McCabe AE, Walker R, Horrocks M (2001) The value of transcranial Doppler in predicting cerebral ischaemia during carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21: 408-412. View
  21. Skjelland M, Krohg-Sørensen K, Tennøe B, Bakke SJ, Brucher R, et al. (2009) Cerebral microemboli and brain injury during carotid artery endarterectomy and stenting. Stroke 40: 230-234. View
  22. Horn J, Naylor AR, Laman DM, Chambers BR, Stork JL, et al. (2005) Identification of patients at risk for ischaemic cerebral complications after carotid endarterectomy with TCD monitoring. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 30: 270-274. View
  23. Moppett IK, Mahajan RP (2004) Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in anaesthesia and intensive care. Br J Anaesth 93: 710-724. View
  24. Howell SJ (2007) Carotid endarterectomy. Br J Anaesth 99: 119-131. View
  25. Calligaro KD, Dougherty MJ (2005) Correlation of carotid artery stump pressure and neurologic changes during 474 carotid endarterectomies performed in awake patients. J Vasc Surg 42: 684-689. View
  26. Belardi P, Lucertini G, Ermirio D (2003) Stump pressure and transcranial Doppler for predicting shunting in carotid endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 25: 164-167. View
  27. Aburahma AF, Stone PA, Hass SM, Dean LS, Habib J, et al. (2010) Prospective randomized trial of routine versus selective shunting in carotid endarterectomy based on stump pressure. J Vasc Surg 51: 1133-1138. View
  28. Jacob T, Hingorani A, Ascher E (2007) Carotid artery stump pressure (CASP) en 1135 consecutive endarterectomias under general anesthesia: an old method that survived the test of times. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 48: 677-681. View
  29. Rigamonti A, Scandroglio M, Minicucci F, Magrin S, Carozzo A, et al. (2005) A clinical evaluation of near-infrared cerebral oximetry in the awake patient to monitor cerebral perfusion during carotid endarterectomy. J Clin Anesth 17: 426-430. View
  30. Pedrini L, Magnoni F, Sensi L, Pisano E, Ballestrazzi MS, et al. (2012) Is Near-Infrared Spectroscopy a Reliable Method to Evaluate Clamping Ischemia during Carotid Surgery? Stroke Res Treat 2012: 156975. View
  31. Shang Y, Cheng R, Dong L, Ryan SJ, Saha SP, et al. (2011) Cerebral monitoring during carotid endarterectomy using near-infrared diffuse Cerebral ischemia during carotid procedure 5 optical spectroscopies and electroencephalogram. Phys Med Biol 56: 3015-3032. View
  32. Pugliese F, Ruberto F, Tosi A, Martelli S, Bruno K, et al. (2009) Regional cerebral saturation versus transcranial Doppler during carotid endarterectomy under regional anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 26: 643- 647. View
  33. Giustiniano E, Alfano A, Battistini GM, Gavazzeni V, Spoto MR, et al. (2010) Cerebral oximetry during carotid clamping: is blood pressure raising necessary? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 11: 522-528. View
  34. Samra SK, Dy EA, Welch K, Dorje P, Zelenock GB, et al. (2000) Evaluation of a cerebral oximeter as a monitor of cerebral ischemia during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 93: 964-970. View
  35. Mille T, Tachimiri ME, Klersy C, Ticozzellic G, Bellinzona G, et al. (2004) Near infrared spectroscopy monitoring during carotid endarterectomy: which threshold value is critical? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 27: 646-650. View
  36. Ritter JC, Green D, Slim H, Tiwari A, Brown J, et al. (2011) The role of cerebral oximetry in combination with awake testing in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy under local anaesthesia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 41: 599-605. View
  37. Moritz S, Kasprzak P, Woertgen C, Taeger K, Metz C, et al. (2008) The accuracy of jugular bulb venous monitoring in detecting cerebral ischemia in awake patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J neurosurg Anesthesiol 20: 8-14. View
  38. Latchaw RE, Yonas H, Hunter GJ (2003) Guidelines and recommendations for perfusión maging in cerebral ischemia: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals by the writing group of perfusión imaging, form the Council on Cardiovasc Radiology of the American Heart Association. Stroke 34: 1084-1104 .
  39. Thiagarajan K, Cheng HL, Huang JE, Natarajan O, Crammond et al. (2015) Is Two Really Better Than One? Examining the Superiority of Dual Modality Neurophysiological Monitoring During Carotid Endarterectomy: A Meta- Analysis. World Neurosurg 84: 1941-1949. View
  40. Malek BN, Mohrhaus CA, Sheth AK (2011) Use of multi-modality intraoperative monitoring during carotid endarterectomy surgery: a case study. Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol 51: 42-53. View
  41. Uchino H, Nakamura T, Kuroda S, Houkin K, Murata J, et al. (2012) Intraoperative Dual Monitoring During Carotid Endarterectomy Using Motor Evoked Potentials and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. World neurosurg 78: 651-657. View
  42. Rerkasem K, Rothwell PM (2009) Routine or selective carotid artery shunting for carotid endarterectomy (and different methods of monitoring in selective shunting). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD000190. View
  43. Katsuno M, Tanikawa R, Hashimoto M, Matsuno A (2015) Distal internal carotid artery dissection due to the carotid shunt during carotid endarterectomy. Br J Neurosurg 29 : 862-864. View
  44. Varetto G, Castagno C, Quaglino S, Garneri P, Benintende E, et al. (2015) Successful management with 2 overlapping bare stents for post-carotid endarterectomy carotid pseudoaneurysm secondary to carotid shunt. Ann Vasc Surg 29: 594. View
  45. Aburahma AF, Mousa AY, Stone PA (2011) Shunting during carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 54: 1502-1510. View
  46. Livingstone K, Raju I (2011) Anesthesia for carotid surgery. Anesthesia and Intesive Care Medicine 17: 249-252.
  47. Raju I, Fraser K (2011) Anaesthesia for carotid surgery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine 14: 208-211. View
  48. Unic-Stojanovic D, Babic S, Neskovic V (2013) General versus regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 27: 1379-1383. View
  49. Augoustides JG, Groff BE, Mann DG, Johansson JS (2007) Difficult airway management after carotid endarterectomy: utility and limitations of the Laryngeal Mask Airway. J Clin Anesth 19: 218-221. View
  50. Marietta DR, Lunn JK, Ruby EI, Hill GE (1998) Cardiovascular stability during carotid endarterectomy: endotracheal intubation versus laryngeal mask airway. J Clin Anesth 10: 54-57. View
  51. Thompson JE, Talkington CM (1976) Carotid endarterectomy. Ann Surg 184:1.
  52. Waltz AG, Sundt TM Jr, Michenfelder JD (1972) Cerebral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy. Circulation 45: 1091-1096. View
  53. Sundt TM Jr, Sharbrough FW, Anderson RE, Michenfelder JD (1974) Cerebral blood flow measurements and electroencephalograms during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 41: 310-320. View
  54. Trop D (1987) Con: carotid endarterectomy: general is safer than regional anesthesia. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1: 483-488. View
  55. Kaisti KK, Långsjö JW, Aalto S, Oikonen V, Sipilä H, et al. (2003) Effects of sevoflurane, propofol, and adjunct nitrous oxide on regional cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption, and blood volume in humans. Anesthesiology 99: 603-613. View
  56. Mielck F, Stephan H, Weyland A, Sonntag H (1999) Effects of one minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration sevoflurane on cerebral metabolism, blood flow, and CO2 reactivity in cardiac patients. Anesth Analg 89: 364- 369. View
  57. Apinis A, Sehgal S, Leff J (2014) Intraoperative management of carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiol Clin 32: 677-698. View
  58. Allain R, Marone LK, Meltzer J, Jeyabalan G (2005) Carotid endarterectomy. Int Anesthesiol Clin 43: 15-38. View
  59. Yastrebov K (2004) Intraoperative management: carotid endarterectomies. Anesthesiol Clin North America 22: 265-287, vi-vii. View
  60. Mangin L, Medigue C, Merle JC, Macquin-Mavier I, Duvaldestin P, et al. (2003) Cardiac autonomic control during balloon carotid angioplasty and stenting. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 81: 944-951. View
  61. Danelli G, Nuzzi M, Salcuni PF, Caberti L, Berti M, et al. (2006) Does clonidine 50 microg improve cervical plexus block obtained with ropivacaine 150 mg for carotid endarterectomy? A randomized, double-blinded study. J Clin Anesth 18: 585-588. View
  62. Schneemilch CE, Bachmann H, Ulrich A, Elwert R, Halloul Z, et al. (2006) Clonidine decreases stress response in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 103: 297-302. View
  63. Sindjelic RP, Vlajkovic GP, Davidovic LB, Markovic DZ, Markovic MD (2010) The addition of fentanyl to local anesthetics affects the quality and duration of cervical plexus block: a randomized, controlled trial. Anesth Analg 11: 234-237. View
  64. Guay J (2008) Regional anesthesia for carotid surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 21: 638-644. View
  65. Pandit JJ, Dutta D, Morris JF (2003) Spread of injectate with superficial cervical plexus block in humans: an anatomical study. Br J Anaesth 91: 733-735. View
  66. Pandit JJ, Satya-Krishna R, Gration P (2007) Superficial or deep cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of complications. Br J Anaesth 99: 159-169. View
  67. Allain R, Marone LK, Meltzer J, Jeyabalan G (2005) Carotid endarterectomy. Int Anesthesiol Clin 43: 15-38. View
  68. GALA Trial Collaborative Group, Lewis SC, Warlow CP, Bodenham AR, Colam B, et al. (2008) General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 372: 2132-2142. View
  69. McCleary AJ, Maritati G, Gough MJ (2001) Carotid endarterectomy; local or general anaesthesia? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 22: 1-12. View
  70. Eibes TA, Gross WS (2000) The influence of anesthetic technique on perioperative blood pressure control after carotid endarterectomy. Am Surg 66: 641-647. View
  71. Eibes TA, Gross WS (2000) The influence of anesthetic technique on perioperative blood pressure control after carotid endarterectomy. Am Surg 66: 641-647. View
  72. Scuderi PE, Prough DS, Davis CH Jr, Balestrieri FJ, McWhorter JM, et al. 1989) The effects of regional and general anesthesia on blood pressure control after carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1: 41-45. View
  73. Bevilacqua S, Romagnoli S, Ciappi F, Lazzeri C, Gelsomino S, et al. (2009) Anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: the third option. Patient cooperation during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 108: 1929-1936. View
  74. Ciccozzi A, Angeletti C, Guetti C, Pergolizzi J, Angeletti PM, et al. (2014) Regional anaesthesia techniques for carotid surgery: the state of art. J Ultrasound 17: 175-183. View
  75. Prielipp RC, Wall MH, Tobin JR, Groban L, Cannon MA, et al. (2002) Dexmedetomidine-induced sedation in volunteers decreases regional and global cerebral blood flow. Anesth Analg 95: 1052-1059. View
  76. Bekker AY, Basile J, Gold M, Riles T, Adelman M, et al. (2004) Dexmedetomidine for awake carotid endarterectomy: efficacy, hemodynamic profile, and side effects. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 16: 126- 135. View
  77. Huncke TK, Adelman M, Jacobowitz G, Maldonado T, Bekker A (2010) A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of dexmedetomidine for sedation during vascular procedures. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 44: 257-261. View
  78. Rerkasem K, Rothwell PM (2008) Local versus general anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8: CD000126 View