Table 1: Cardiac anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic effects of exercise training.
Cardiac Anti-Inflammatory Anti-apoptotic Anti-fibrotic
Mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways Fas-dependent apoptotic pathways
OVX IL-6: no change
IL-10: no change		 TUNEL-positive↓
t-Bid ↓
Bad↓
Bax ↓
Bak ↓
Active Caspase 9↓
Active Caspase 3↓		 TUNEL-positive↓
TNF-α↓
TNFR1↓
Fas↓
FADD↓
Active Caspase 8↓
Active Caspase 3↓		 Myocardiac fibrosis↓
OVX-DM Protein oxidation ↓
TNF-α/ IL-10 ↓
GSH/GSSG ↑		 N/A N/A N/A
OVX-HTN SOD ↑
Catalase ↑
TNF-α ↓
p-IKKα/ß ↓
p-NFkB ↓
COX-2 ↓		 ERα & ERβ: no change
Collagen I ↓
TGF-ß ↓
p-Smad 2/3 ↓
CTGF ↓
t-PA ↓
MMP9 ↓