Figure 3: Influence of glucosamine hydrochloride (GH) on NF-κB activation after periostin stimulation in vitro. Human synoviocytes from an OA patient at 1x10⁵ cells/ml were cultured with 100.0 ng/ml periostin for 4 h in the presence of various concentrations of GH. NF-κB activation was measured by ELISA and the results were expressed as the mean optical density at 450 nm ± SE of triplicate cultures. One representative experiment of two.