| Study author(s)/Country of publication | Aims | Methodology/Design | Participants (sample) | Data Collection Methods | Key Findings | Recommendations | CASP scores out of 20 |
| Sundqvist, Anderzén-Carlsson, Nilsson and Holmefur (2018) Sweden | Describe Swedish registered nurse anesthetist’s’ advocacy beliefs. | Quantitative/Cross-sectional | 273 Registered Nurse Anesthetists | Web survey | Nurses feel that they should provide protective nursing advocacy for their patients. The mean RNA responses were 39.9 (possible range, 12-48, high score indicates strong agreement that they need to take action to protect their patients.) | Form a basis for theory development within the perioperative nursing context. | 18 |
| Elewa, Etway and El Guindy (2016) Egypt | Assess nursing interns’ perceptions regarding patients’ rights and advocacy. | Quantitative/Descriptive | A convenient sample of 111 nurse interns | Survey | The highest mean scores were (m = 1.38, SD = 0.49), possible range is 1.0-2.0 (lower score indicate higher positive attitude toward patient advocacy, as perceived by nurse interns toward patient advocacy, that patients should be provided with interpreters to communicate with healthcare staff. The lowest mean was to inform patients about the necessary directives and procedures. | Faculty members and clinical instructors must act as a role model and facilitate learning by providing an environment that promotes holistic care, protecting patient rights. | 16 |
| El Seesy and Al Nagshabandi (2016) Saudi Arabia | Examine nurses’ attitude toward patient advocacy in Saudi hospitals. | Quantitative/Descriptive Cross-sectional | 46 nurses working in an oncology department | Survey | The mean scores of the nurses’ attitude toward oncology patients’ advocacy was relatively positive (M = 82.06%, SD = 5.61). | Patient advocacy should be included in the Saudi nursing education curriculum. Patient advocacy should be enforced in the nursing professional development. | 18 |
| Beigzadeh, Borhani, Ahmadi and Abbaszadeh (2016) Iran | Investigate the attitudes toward the role of patients in intensive care units of hospital affiliated to medical universities in Teheran. | Quantitative/Descriptive Cross-sectional | 259 Critical Care Nurses | Survey | Overall attitude of critical care nurses toward patient advocacy role was relatively positive (3.68). | 17 | |
| Motamed-Jahromi, Abbaszadeh and Tatar (2015) Iran | Assess Nurses’ perceptions of patient advocacy. | Quantitative/Cross-sectional | 385 nurses selected via quota sampling from three hospitals in Iran | Survey | The mean score of nurses’ perceptions indicated a relatively positive attitude toward patient advocacy (0.73%). | Conduct similar studies in different environments in order to reach a more descriptive and comprehensive definition of patient advocacy. | 17 |
| Kolawole (ND) Nigeria | Assess nurses’ perception and patients’ validation of nurses’ advocacy roles. | Quantitative/Cross-sectional | Multi=stage sampling methods of 219 surgical nurses from three hospitals | Survey | Nurses’ attitude toward practice of patient advocacy role was statistically significant to their practice of patient advocacy (X2 =15.996). Most of the nurses that had positive attitude towards practicing of nurses’ advocacy role had good practice (91.8%) than their other counterparts in other selected locations (p=0.000). | Future quantitative research to be conducted to identify the correlation between the identified berries and facilitators and the practice of patients’ advocacy. Hospital administration should make some extra efforts to arrange educational workshops for nurses in practice and student nurses in order to introduce the concept of patients’ advocacy at institutional level. | 14 |
| Abbaszadeh, Borhani and Motamed-Jahromi (2013) Iran | Explore Iranian nurses’ attitude toward patients’ advocacy. | Quantitative/Descriptive-analytical design | Quota sampling of 374 from four different teaching hospitals | Survey | Nurses demonstrated positive attitude toward patients’ advocacy. Most nurses stated that they were good patient advocates because they were committed to their job. | Other studies can be done to cover more provinces in Iran with larger sample size. | 16 |
| Josse-Eklund, Wilde-Larsson, Petzäll and Bojö (2014). Sweden | Describe and explore individual and organizational factors potentially influencing RNs attitudes towards patient advocacy in community health care of elders. | Quantitative/Cross-sectional | 226 community health nurses caring for elders | Survey | The RNs mean scores regarding attitudes towards patient advocacy were (5.43) SD = 0.41), indicating positive attitude. | 18 | |
| Motamed-Jahromi, Abbaszadeh, Borhani and Zaher (2012) Iran | Examine nurses’ attitudes and perception towards patient advocacy | Quantitative/Descriptive-analytic | 385 nurses from four hospitals | Survey | Fairly positive attitude (m = 3.75) and perception (m = 0.783) towards nursing advocacy among the participants. Nurses attitude is positively correlated with their perception toward nursing advocacy. | 17 | |
| Bu and Wu (2007) USA | To develop an instrument to measure nurses’ attitudes toward patient advocacy. | Quantitative/Descriptive | 459 randomly selected oncology nurses members in the ONS | Survey | The mean score for attitude toward patient advocacy was 340.68, SD = 29.28 (score range from 67-402, higher score indicates higher positive attitude towards patient advocacy) The attitude toward patient advocacy was initially conceptualized in three dimensions: safeguarding patients’ autonomy, acting on behalf of patients, and championing social justice, corresponding to three core attributes of patient advocacy. | The APAS needs further refining. The APAS can be used in future research to explore factors that may influence attitudes and behaviors related to patient advocacy. | 19 |