| USA | Japan | |||||
| n | % | n | % | x4 | p | |
| Publications and communication | ||||||
| Nursing journal | 20 | 15.9 | 61 | 33.5 | 12.50 | <.0001* |
| Other journal | 19 | 15.1 | 34 | 18.7 | 0.69 | 0.408 |
| Manuscript submission | 28 | 22.2 | 59 | 32.4 | 3.89 | <.05* |
| Research development | ||||||
| Project involvement | 57 | 45.2 | 80 | 44.0 | 0.05 | 0.0824 |
| Principle investigator | 27 | 21.4 | 34 | 18.7 | 0.35 | 0.553 |
| Attend seminar | 91 | 72.2 | 155 | 85.2 | 7.64 | <.01* |
| Proposal writing | 74 | 58.7 | 152 | 83.5 | 23.22 | <.0001* |
| Professional organization | ||||||
| ANA/JNA | 15 | 11.9 | 175 | 96.2 | 258.66 | <.0001* |
| NLN | 5 | 4.0 | 24 | 13.2 | 8.22 | <.01* |
| Sigma Theta Tau | 80 | 63.5 | 7 | 3.9 | 141.96 | <.0001* |
| Other nursing organization | 92 | 73.0 | 115 | 63.2 | 3.31 | 0.069 |
| Organizational committees | 74 | 58.7 | 51 | 28.0 | 29.27 | <.0001* |
| Community services | ||||||
| Participating | 103 | 81.8 | 73 | 40.1 | 55.78 | <.0001* |
| Community advisory board | 58 | 46.0 | 22 | 12.1 | 44.76 | <.0001* |
| Competence and continuing education | ||||||
| Hold certification (ANA/JAN) | 26 | 20.6 | 100 | 55.0 | 37.93 | <.0001* |
| Hold certification (Another group) | 46 | 36.5 | 102 | 56.0 | 11.49 | 0.001* |
| Subscription | 111 | 88.1 | 142 | 78.0 | 5.36 | <.05* |
| Article reading | 123 | 97.6 | 160 | 87.9 | 10.92 | 0.001* |
| College nurse enrollment | 43 | 34.1 | 33 | 18.1 | 10.12 | <.01* |
| Nursing seminar | 126 | 100.0 | 170 | 93.4 | 12.96 | 0.000* |
| Management seminar | 103 | 81.8 | 108 | 59.3 | 18.09 | <.0001* |
| Nursing books | 103 | 81.8 | 180 | 98.9 | 31.70 | <.0001* |
| Management business books | 94 | 74.6 | 141 | 77.5 | 0.34 | 0.561 |
| Theory development | ||||||
| Nursing theories (familiarity) | 121 | 96.0 | 135 | 74.2 | 29.69 | <.0001* |
| Educational theories (familiarity) | 74 | 58.7 | 66 | 36.3 | 15.23 | <.0001* |
| Management theories (familiarity) | 91 | 72.2 | 77 | 42.3 | 27.56 | <.0001* |
| Business theories (familiarity) | 46 | 36.5 | 25 | 13.7 | 21.54 | <.0001* |
| Nursing theories (application) | 109 | 86.5 | 149 | 81.9 | 1.20 | 0.274 |
| Other theories (application) | 106 | 84.1 | 105 | 57.7 | 25.52 | <.0001* |
| Problem solving | 115 | 91.3 | 128 | 70.3 | 21.46 | <.0001* |
| Self-regulation and autonomy | ||||||
| Self-evaluation | 102 | 81.0 | 135 | 74.2 | 1.96 | 0.162 |
| Quality assurance | 80 | 63.5 | 72 | 39.6 | 17.23 | <.0001* |
| Nursing audits/patients audits | 90 | 71.4 | 113 | 62.1 | 2.92 | 0.087 |
| Peer review | 85 | 67.5 | 66 | 36.3 | 29.49 | <.0001* |
| consultation | 55 | 43.7 | 39 | 21.4 | 17.20 | <.0001* |
| budgeting | 95 | 75.4 | 53 | 29.1 | 66.34 | <.0001* |
| Performance evaluation | 88 | 69.8 | 69 | 37.9 | 31.02 | <.0001* |
| Hiring personnel | 81 | 64.3 | 25 | 13.7 | 86.66 | <.0001* |
| Ethics committee | 46 | 36.5 | 54 | 29.7 | 1.58 | 0.209 |
| Code for Nurses | 71 | 56.4 | 91 | 50.0 | 1.21 | 0.272 |