Table 3: Change in Vitality Index, Geriatric Depression Scale-15, Activities of Daily Living-20, quality of life, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores.

Abbreviations: SD: Standard Deviation; IV: Intervention Group; Cont: Control Group; GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale-15; ADL-20: Activities of Daily Living-20; QOL: Quality of Life; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination. *P < 0.05, Two-way repeated-measures analysis and Bonferroni test.

Baseline After 6 weeks Two way repeated-measures (F-value ) Bonferroni test (F-value )
Group Time Group/Time4
Vitality Index (mean ±SD)
IV (n=9) 8.3 ±1.5 8.6 ±1.7 0.92 3.27 0.36 2.29
Cont (n=9) 9.1 ±1.6 9.2 ±1.6 1.00
GDS-15 (mean ±SD)
IV (n=9) 5.7 ±2.8 3.6 ±2.2 1.96 2.92 8.12* 14.01*
Cont (n=9) 6.4 ±3.6 6.9 ±3.0 0.31
ADL-20 (mean ±SD)
IV (n=9) 30.0 ±8.7 30.8 ±8.4 5.36 1.43 2.54 2.80
Cont (n=9) 41.0 ±11.0 40.9 ±11.0 0.13
QOL (mean ±SD)
subjective sense of health IV (n=9) 59.4 ±17.6 59.4 ±12.9 0.35 0.47 0.47 0.00
Cont (n=9) 53.3 ±20.6 55.6 ±20.7 2.29
subjective mood IV (n=9) 60.0 ±20.0 63.3 ±27.4 0.082 0.69 0.07 0.80
Cont (n=9) 63.3 ±27.4 55.6 ±20.7 0.13
relationship with family IV (n=9) 91.7 ±12.0 91.1 ±11.7 1.18 0.77 0.09 0.10
Cont (n=9) 85.6 ±15.9 83.3 ±18.0 2.29
relationship with friends IV (n=9) 83.3 ±20.6 86.7 ±16.6 1.96 0.03 0.81 0.50
Cont (n=9) 74.4 ±16.7 72.2 ±14.8 0.31
financial status IV (n=9) 76.7 ±19.4 85.6 ±11.3 0.46 5.98 0.32 3.57
Cont (n=9) 73.3 ±19.4 78.9 ±16.1 0.31
satisfaction with life IV (n=9) 75.6 ±13.3 91.1 ±9.2 0.43 29.25 16.46* 28.00*
Cont (n=9) 78.8 ±11.7 81.1 ±10.5 2.29
subjective happiness IV (n=9) 74.4 ±13.3 77.8 ±12.0 1.34 0.14 0.57 4.00
Cont (n=9) 67.8 ±23.3 66.7 ±18.7 0.04
MMSE (mean ±SD)
IV (n=9) 23.1 ±4.8 23.4 ±5.1 0.36 1.41 1.09 3.21
Cont (n=9) 24.3 ±4.8 24.2 ±5.1 0.13