Table 1: Data are expressed as means ± SD. Each value was collected in the clinic without fasting. DM, diabetes mellitus; T1, type 1; T2, type 2; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycohemoglobin A1c; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program: TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; Hb, hemoglobin; NC, not clear; DPN, chronic sensorimotor distal symmetric polyneuropathy; NDR, non-diabetic retinopathy; SDR, simple diabetic retinopathy; PPDR, pre-proliferative retinopathy; PDR, proliferative retinopathy; Normo, normoalbuminuria; Micro, microalbuminuria; Macro, macroalbuminuria; a-GI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; BG, biguanide; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione; ARI, aldose reductase inhibitor such as epalrestat; DPP-4 inhibitor as sitagliptin, incretin-based therapy (IBT); CVN, cardiac vagal neuropathy as cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Number in parenthesis represents the percent ratio of each variable to patients participated in each group. CVN was defined as less than 2.00 % in 100 consecutive maximal CV. R-R intervals (max CV. R-R) from usual breathing to deep breathing at rest for measurement on electrocardiography at all times for three measurements if max CV. R-R was less than 2.00 %.
Difference in the means of each variable between groups 1 and 2 was statistically evaluated by dependent chi square with McNemar’s test analysis or paired Student t test with or without Welch's correction (P value). Difference in the mean of each variable between groups A, B and C was statistically evaluated by independent chi square analysis or unpaired Student t test with or without Welch's correction (*P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. each variable in group A, and ^#p<0.05 and ^##P<0.01 vs. each variable in group B). Also, the difference in magnitude of max CV. R-R among groups A, B and C was statistically evaluated by one ANOVA with multiple comparison test (***P<0.05 and ^#P<0.001 vs. in group A, respectively).