Business Models for Crowd-driven IoT Ecosystems: A Review : Table 1

Table 1: Taxonomy of the different types of ecosystems (extending [1]).

	Knowledge ecosystem	Business ecosystem	Digital Business ecosystem	Innovation ecosystem	Crowd-driven ecosystem
Function	New knowledge creation	Customer value (knowledge commercialisation)	Customer value (knowledge commercialisation)	Innovation creation/ coinnovation	Crowd-driven shared value creation/cocreation
Connectivity	Decentralised and distributed	Geographically clustered	Global and distributed	Geographically clustered or Global and distributed	Global and distributed
Mode	Physical or online	Physical	Online & virtual	Physical, online& virtual	Online& virtual
Relationships	Synergetic and cooperative	Competitive and collaborative (“co-opetion”)	Competitive and collaborative (“coopetion”)	Co-operative and collaborative	Co-operative, synergetic and collaborative (mass collaboration)
Openness	High degree of openness or closed	Various degrees of openness	Various degrees of openness	High degree of openness or closed	High degree of openness
Structure	Dynamic interorganisational, interpersonal	Dynamic or static, and interorganisational	Dynamic or static, and inter-organisational	Dynamic interorganisational and interpersonal	Dynamic, complex
Key actors	University, research organisation/ institute	Large company	Large company	Large company or community	NGO/Non-profit initiative or community or company