Type of Athlete | Type of ECHO mode and techniques | Components measured | Echocardiographic findings |
Endurance trained athletes (ETAs), Stress trained athletes (STAs) and controls | 3D ECHO, RV serial short axis reconstructions of RV volumetric data, summation of disc methodology | RV morphology, RVEDV, CI, PASP | All RV diameters,3D volumes, Transmitral and transtricuspid Doppler indexes are greater in ETAs [15]. |
RVEDV was greater in ETAs than in STAs and controls [15]. |
LV stroke volume, CI, PASP are greater in EDVs [15]. |
ECHO at rest and after hand grip stress in athletes and controls | B-mode imaging, speckle training techniques | LPSS of LV and RV | After isometric stress in athletes LV and RV showed apical particulate myocardial deformation properties [40]. |
Football players and controls | 2D ECHO, M-mode, Tissue Doppler imaging, Strain myocardial imaging | Systolic, Diastolic function parameters, Mitral and Tricuspid velocities using Doppler | Increased LV mass index, ESV, EDV, LA diameter [41]. |
Decreased transmitted diastolic late velocities [41]. |
TDI analysis of athletes shows increased mitral annulus septal TDI peal early diastolic velocity [41]. |
SI of athletes showed increased values of mid septal wall and mid lateral wall peak systolic strain rate value differences [41]. |
Soccer players, Runners, Cyclists | Doppler ECHO | Remodeling, Lt atrial volume, LV thickness, systolic and diastolic parameters | Athletes showed higher LA volume, LV thickness, LV mass index, LV and RV diastolic diameters compared to non-athletes [42]. |
Cyclists showed higher LA and LV diastolic diameter compared to runners [42]. |
Cyclists had higher RV diastolic diameter compared to soccer players [42]. |
LV mass index and E/A ratio for cyclists were higher compared to runners and soccer players [42]. |
Cyclists and soccer players had higher RV function compared to runners [42]. |