Table 1: This table shows the measured components and findings across the different echocardiography modes and techniques among different athletes.
Type of Athlete Type of ECHO mode and techniques Components measured Echocardiographic findings
Endurance trained athletes (ETAs), Stress trained athletes (STAs) and controls 3D ECHO, RV serial short axis reconstructions of RV volumetric data, summation of disc methodology RV morphology, RVEDV, CI, PASP All RV diameters,3D volumes, Transmitral and transtricuspid Doppler indexes are greater in ETAs [15].
RVEDV was greater in ETAs than in STAs and controls [15].
LV stroke volume, CI, PASP are greater in EDVs [15].
ECHO at rest and after hand grip stress in athletes and controls B-mode imaging, speckle training techniques LPSS of LV and RV After isometric stress in athletes LV and RV showed apical particulate myocardial deformation properties [40].
Football players and controls 2D ECHO, M-mode, Tissue Doppler imaging, Strain myocardial imaging Systolic, Diastolic function parameters, Mitral and Tricuspid velocities using Doppler Increased LV mass index, ESV, EDV, LA diameter [41].
Decreased transmitted diastolic late velocities [41].
TDI analysis of athletes shows increased mitral annulus septal TDI peal early diastolic velocity [41].
SI of athletes showed increased values of mid septal wall and mid lateral wall peak systolic strain rate value differences [41].
Soccer players, Runners, Cyclists Doppler ECHO Remodeling, Lt atrial volume, LV thickness, systolic and diastolic parameters Athletes showed higher LA volume, LV thickness, LV mass index, LV and RV diastolic diameters compared to non-athletes [42].
Cyclists showed higher LA and LV diastolic diameter compared to runners [42].
Cyclists had higher RV diastolic diameter compared to soccer players [42].
LV mass index and E/A ratio for cyclists were higher compared to runners and soccer players [42].
Cyclists and soccer players had higher RV function compared to runners [42].