Table 1: Major Drug-Herb Interactions found for Tamoxifen in Portugal.
Natural Product/ bioactive compounds Estrogenic activity Angiogenic bioactivity CYP interference
Aloe/antraquinones and β-sitosterol No data Angiogenic/Antiangiogenic [23,24] Inhibitor CYP 3A4, Inhibitor CYP 2A6 ⤔,* [18]
Astragalus /isoflavones Estrogen-like activity in Caucasians/antiestrogenic for Asians [14] Angiogenic [24] No data
Angelica Angiogenic [24]
Black cohosh/isoflavones and caffeic derivative acids Estrogen-like activity in Caucasians Antiestrogenic for Asians [10,14] Small inhibitory effect on CYP2D6;possible inhibitory effect on CYP3A4 [25]
Coriolus versicolor No data Antiangiogenic [24] Inhibitor CYP 3A4 ⤔ [26]
Curcuma No data Anti-angiogenic ⤔ [27] Inhibits CYP 1A2, 3A4, CYP 2C9 and 2D6 ⤔ [27], Induces CYP 2A6 [28]
Echinacea No data Inhibits CYP3A4 [22,29]
Geranium No data Inhibits CYP 3A4 [19]
Ginger No data Anti-angiogenic [24],dose-dependent [30,31] Inhibits CYP 3A4 ⤔ [30]
Panax ginseng No data (hormonal activity does not involve estrogen receptors) Angiogenic [24] Inhibits CYP 3A4 and CYP2D6 ⤔ [32]
Green tea No data Anti-angiogenic[33] inhibited P-gp-mediated efflux activity, inhibited CYP2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 ⤔[34]
Licorice root Hormonal activity Anti-angiogenic [24,35] Inhibits CYP3A4 ⤔ [36] Weak Inhibitor of CYP2D6 ⤔ [36]
Reichi No data Anti-angiogenic [24] Inhibits CYP 3A4 [37]
Rehmannia Angiogenic [21]
Rosemary No data
Saint John Worth No data Induces CYP 3A4 * [38]
Salvia miltiorrhiza Angiogenic [24]
Soy/isoflavones Estrogen-like activity in Caucasians Antiestrogenic for Asians [11,14] Inhibits 1A2, CYP3A4 [14]
Valeriana Inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 ⤔ [39]
Verbena Inhibits CYP 3A4 ⤔ [21]