| Parameter | Norms | Men (N=18) | Women (N=11) | Literature data |
| Age, Years | 61±1.68 ; 52 - 70 | 62.2±0.76; 60 - 65 | 62 - 65* | |
| Diabetes duration , years | 13.2±2.1 | 10.7 | 7 --10* | |
| Medication with Insulin injection, % | 84.6 | 33.3 | ||
| Medication with oral drugs, % | 15.4 | 66.7 | ||
| BMI, kg /m2 | ≤ 27.8 | 28.9±1.16a | 35.9±2.2b | 28 - 30* |
| BMI, kg /m2 , Obese, % | ≥30.0 | 33.3a | 87.5b | |
| Hypertension % | ||||
| DBP(mmHg) | 90 | 80.8±3.6 | 83.7±4.6 | 73 - 77* |
| SBP(mmHg) | 140 | 128.7±6.6 | 138.7±10.1 | 137 - 146* |
| FPG(mmol/L) | ≤6.1 | 11± 1.49 | 9.6±1.47 | 9.6 - 10.7* |
| 2h PPG(mmol/L) | ≤7.8 | 16.5± 1.94 | 13.9±2.1 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 | 9± 0.64 | 7.7±0.67 | 7.6 - 8.3* |
| Plasma albumin, g/l | 35-55 | 39.7± 0.74 | 37.8±4.1 | |
| TG(mmol/L) | 0.45 - 1.71 | 2.1±0.23 | 1.9±0.25 | 1.6 - 2.3* |
| TC(mmol/L) | < 5.2 | 4± 0.27 | 4.3±0.6 | 5.0 - 5.5* |
| HDL(mmol/L) | >1.03;>1.29 | 2± 0.44 | 1.6 ±0.31 | 1.0 - 1.2* |
| LDL(mmol/L) | 3.75± 0.3 | 3.5 ±0.48 | ||
| TC/ HDL | 3-<5 | 3.28 ±0.6 | 3.23±0.65 | 5.07 - 5.61** |
| 3.3 - <4.4 | 4.22 - 4.93 ** | |||
| Serum C-peptide, nmol/l | 1.4± 0.5; 0.35- 4.8 | 1.2± 0.3; 0 - 2.9 | 1.28*** | |
| Smoking habit, % | 25 | |||
| Plasma retinol, μmole/l | ≥ 0.70 | 1.53± 0.2; 0.58-2.94 | 1.3±0.14; 0.72-2.2 | |
| Plasma RBP-4, μmole/l | 1.5±0.04 | 1.57± 0.05 | ||
| Plasma retinol: RBP-4 ratio | 1 | 1.02 | 0.83 | |
| Plasma carotenoids, μmole/l | ||||
| α - carotene | 0.06 | 0.06± 0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | 0•07- 0•10*** |
| β - carotene | 0.23 | 0.23±0.04 | 0.39± 0.07 | 0.29 - 0.44*** |
| β- Cryptoxanthin | 0.56 | 0.56± 0.06 | 0.61±0.06 | 0.16 -0.26*** |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 0.87± 0.09 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.3 - 0.41*** | |
| Lycopene | 0.42± 0.06 | 0.80± 0.20 | 0.39 - 0.51*** | |
| Combined LYC+ LUT [1] | 1.29 ± 0.07 | 1.49 ±0.12 | ||
| Combined α -+ β - carotene +β- CRYPT [2] | 0.85± 0.04 | 1.07±0.05 | ||
| Row 1/Row 2 | 1.52± 0.05 | 1.39± 0.05 | ||
| ** 38 | ***18 | 23**** |